Release notes for Corda 4 ¶

Welcome to the Corda 4 release notes. Please read these carefully to understand what’s new in this release and how the changes can help you. Just as prior releases have brought with them commitments to wire and API stability, Corda 4 comes with those same guarantees. States and apps valid in Corda 3 are transparently usable in Corda 4.

For app developers, we strongly recommend reading “Upgrading apps to Corda 4”. This covers the upgrade procedure, along with how you can adjust your app to opt-in to new features making your app more secure and easier to upgrade in future.

For node operators, we recommend reading “Upgrading your node to Corda 4”. The upgrade procedure is simple but it can’t hurt to read the instructions anyway.

Additionally, be aware that the data model improvements are changes to the Corda consensus rules. To use apps that benefit from them, all nodes in a compatibility zone must be upgraded and the zone must be enforcing that upgrade. This may take time in large zones like the testnet. Please take this into account for your own schedule planning.

警告

There is a bug in Corda 3.3 that causes problems when receiving a FungibleState created by Corda 4. There will shortly be a followup Corda 3.4 release that corrects this error. Interop between Corda 3 and Corda 4 will require that Corda 3 users are on the latest patchlevel release.

Changes for developers in Corda 4 ¶

Reference states ¶

With Corda 4 we are introducing the concept of “reference input states”. These allow smart contracts to reference data from the ledger in a transaction without simultaneously updating it. They’re useful not only for any kind of reference data such as rates, healthcare codes, geographical information etc, but for anywhere you might have used a SELECT JOIN in a SQL based app.

A reference input state is a ContractState which can be referred to in a transaction by the contracts of input and output states but, significantly, whose contract is not executed as part of the transaction verification process and is not consumed when the transaction is committed to the ledger. Rather, it is checked for “current-ness”. In other words, the contract logic isn’t run for the referencing transaction only. Since they’re normal states, if they do occur in the input or output positions, they can evolve on the ledger, modeling reference data in the real world.

Signature constraints ¶

CorDapps built by the corda-gradle-plugins are now signed and sealed JAR files by default. This signing can be configured or disabled with the default certificate being the Corda development certificate.

When an app is signed, that automatically activates the use of signature constraints, which are an important part of the Corda security and upgrade plan. They allow states to express what contract logic governs them socially, as in “any contract JAR signed by a threshold of these N keys is suitable”, rather than just by hash or via zone whitelist rules, as in previous releases.

We strongly recommend all apps be signed and use signature constraints going forward.

Learn more about this new feature by reading the Upgrading apps to Corda 4.

State pointers ¶

State 指针 formalize a recommended design pattern, in which states may refer to other states on the ledger by StateRef (a pair of transaction hash and output index that is sufficient to locate any information on the global ledger). State pointers work together with the reference states feature to make it easy for data to point to the latest version of any other piece of data, with the right version being automatically incorporated into transactions for you.

New network builder tool ¶

A new graphical tool for building test Corda networks has been added. It can build Docker images for local deployment and can also remotely control Microsoft Azure, to create a test network in the cloud.

Learn more on the Corda Network Builder page.

JPA access in flows and services ¶

Corda 3 provides the jdbcConnection API on FlowLogic to give access to an active connection to your underlying database. It is fully intended that apps can store their own data in their own tables in the node database, so app-specific tables can be updated atomically with the ledger data itself. But JDBC is not always convenient, so in Corda 4 we are additionally exposing the Java Persistence Architecture, for object-relational mapping. The new ServiceHub.withEntityManager API lets you load and persist entity beans inside your flows and services.

Please do write apps that read and write directly to tables running alongside the node’s own tables. Using SQL is a convenient and robust design pattern for accessing data on or off the ledger.

重要

Please do not attempt to write to tables starting with node_ or contract_ as those are maintained by the node. Additionally, the node_ tables are private to Corda and should not be directly accessed at all. Tables starting with contract_ are generated by apps and are designed to be queried by end users, GUIs, tools etc.

Security upgrades ¶

Sealing. Sealed JARs are a security upgrade that ensures JARs cannot define classes in each other’s packages, thus ensuring Java’s package-private visibility feature works. The Gradle plugins now seal your JARs by default.

BelongsToContract annotation. CorDapps are currently expected to verify that the right contract is named in each state object. This manual step is easy to miss, which would make the app less secure in a network where you trade with potentially malicious counterparties. The platform now handles this for you by allowing you to annotate states with which contract governs them. If states are inner classes of a contract class, this association is automatic. See API: 合约约束 for more information.

Two-sided FinalityFlow and SwapIdentitiesFlow. The previous FinalityFlow API was insecure because nodes would accept any finalised transaction, outside of the context of a containing flow. This would allow transactions to be sent to a node bypassing things like business network membership checks. The same applies for the SwapIdentitiesFlow in the confidential-identities module. A new API has been introduced to allow secure use of this flow.

Package namespace ownership. Corda 4 allows app developers to register their keys and Java package namespaces with the zone operator. Any JAR that defines classes in these namespaces will have to be signed by those keys. This is an opt-in feature designed to eliminate potential confusion that could arise if a malicious developer created classes in other people’s package namespaces (e.g. an attacker creating a state class called com.megacorp.exampleapp.ExampleState). Whilst Corda’s attachments feature would stop the core ledger getting confused by this, tools and formats that connect to the node may not be designed to consider attachment hashes or signing keys, and rely more heavily on type names instead. Package namespace ownership allows tool developers to assume that if a class name appears to be owned by an organisation, then the semantics of that class actually were defined by that organisation, thus eliminating edge cases that might otherwise cause confusion.

Network parameters in transactions ¶

Transactions created under a Corda 4+ node will have the currently valid signed NetworkParameters file attached to each transaction. This will allow future introspection of states to ascertain what was the accepted global state of the network at the time they were notarised. Additionally, new signatures must be working with the current globally accepted parameters. The notary signing a transaction will check that it does indeed reference the current in-force network parameters, meaning that old (and superseded) network parameters can not be used to create new transactions.

RPC upgrades ¶

AMQP/1.0 is now default serialization framework across all of Corda (checkpointing aside), swapping the RPC framework from using the older Kryo implementation. This means Corda open source and Enterprise editions are now RPC wire compatible and either client library can be used. We previously started using AMQP/1.0 for the peer to peer protocol in Corda 3.

Class synthesis. The RPC framework supports the “class carpenter” feature. Clients can now freely download and deserialise objects, such as contract states, for which the defining class files are absent from their classpath. Definitions for these classes will be synthesised on the fly from the binary schemas embedded in the messages. The resulting dynamically created objects can then be fed into any framework that uses reflection, such as XML formatters, JSON libraries, GUI construction toolkits, scripting engines and so on. This approach is how the Blob 查看器 tool works - it simply deserialises a message and then feeds the resulting synthetic class graph into a JSON or YAML serialisation framework.

Class synthesis will use interfaces that are implemented by the original objects if they are found on the classpath. This is designed to enable generic programming. For example, if your industry has standardised a thin Java API with interfaces that expose JavaBean style properties (get/is methods), then you can have that JAR on the classpath of your tool and cast the deserialised objects to those interfaces. In this way you can work with objects from apps you aren’t aware of.

SSL. The Corda RPC infrastructure can now be configured to utilise SSL for additional security. The operator of a node wishing to enable this must of course generate and distribute a certificate in order for client applications to successfully connect. This is documented here Using the client RPC API

Preview of the deterministic DJVM ¶

It is important that all nodes that process a transaction always agree on whether it is valid or not. Because transaction types are defined using JVM byte code, this means that the execution of that byte code must be fully deterministic. Out of the box a standard JVM is not fully deterministic, thus we must make some modifications in order to satisfy our requirements.

This version of Corda introduces a standalone Deterministic JVM. It isn’t yet integrated with the rest of the platform. It will eventually become a part of the node and enforce deterministic and secure execution of smart contract code, which is mobile and may propagate around the network without human intervention.

Currently, it is released as an evaluation version. We want to give developers the ability to start trying it out and get used to developing deterministic code under the set of constraints that we envision will be placed on contract code in the future. There are some instructions on how to get started with the DJVM command-line tool, which allows you to run code in a deterministic sandbox and inspect the byte code transformations that the DJVM applies to your code. Read more in “Deterministic JVM”.

Configurable flow responders ¶

In Corda 4 it is possible for flows in one app to subclass and take over flows from another. This allows you to create generic, shared flow logic that individual users can customise at pre-agreed points (protected methods). For example, a site-specific app could be developed that causes transaction details to be converted to a PDF and sent to a particular printer. This would be an inappropriate feature to put into shared business logic, but it makes perfect sense to put into a user-specific app they developed themselves.

If your flows could benefit from being extended in this way, read “Configuring Responder Flows” to learn more.

Target/minimum versions ¶

Applications can now specify a target version in their JAR manifest. The target version declares which version of the platform the app was tested against. By incrementing the target version, app developers can opt in to desirable changes that might otherwise not be entirely backwards compatible. For example in a future release when the deterministic JVM is integrated and enabled, apps will need to opt in to determinism by setting the target version to a high enough value.

Target versioning has a proven track record in both iOS and Android of enabling platforms to preserve strong backwards compatibility, whilst also moving forward with new features and bug fixes. We recommend that maintained applications always try and target the latest version of the platform. Setting a target version does not imply your app requires a node of that version, merely that it’s been tested against that version and can handle any opt-in changes.

Applications may also specify a minimum platform version. If you try to install an app in a node that is too old to satisfy this requirement, the app won’t be loaded. App developers can set their min platform version requirement if they start using new features and APIs.

Dependency upgrades ¶

We’ve raised the minimum JDK to 8u171, needed to get fixes for certain ZIP compression bugs.

We’ve upgraded to Kotlin 1.2.71 so your apps can now benefit from the new features in this language release.

We’ve upgraded to Gradle 4.10.1.

Changes for administrators in Corda 4 ¶

Official Docker images ¶

Corda 4 adds an Official Corda Docker Image for starting the node. It’s based on Ubuntu and uses the Azul Zulu spin of Java 8. Other tools will have Docker images in future as well.

Auto-acceptance for network parameters updates ¶

Changes to the parameters of a compatibility zone require all nodes to opt in before a flag day.

Some changes are trivial and very unlikely to trigger any disagreement. We have added auto-acceptance for a subset of network parameters, negating the need for a node operator to manually run an accept command on every parameter update. This behaviour can be turned off via the node configuration. See 网络地图.

Automatic error codes ¶

Errors generated in Corda are now hashed to produce a unique error code that can be used to perform a lookup into a knowledge base. The lookup URL will be printed to the logs when an error occur. Here’s an example:

[ERROR] 2018-12-19T17:18:39,199Z [main] internal.NodeStartupLogging.invoke - Exception during node startup: The name 'O=Wawrzek Test C4, L=London, C=GB' for identity doesn't match what's in the key store: O=Wawrzek Test C4, L=Ely, C=GB [errorCode=wuxa6f, moreInformationAt=https://errors.corda.net/OS/4.0/wuxa6f]

The hope is that common error conditions can quickly be resolved and opaque errors explained in a more user friendly format to facilitate faster debugging and trouble shooting.

At the moment, Stack Overflow is that knowledge base, with the error codes being converted to a URL that redirects either directly to the answer or to an appropriate search on Stack Overflow.

Standardisation of command line argument handling ¶

In Corda 4 we have ported the node and all our tools to use a new command line handling framework. Advantages for you:

Improved, coloured help output.
Common options have been standardised to use the same name and behaviour everywhere.
All programs can now generate bash/zsh auto completion files.

You can learn more by reading our CLI user experience guidelines document.

Liquibase for database schema upgrades ¶

We have open sourced the Liquibase schema upgrade feature from Corda Enterprise. The node now uses Liquibase to bootstrap and update itself automatically. This is a transparent change with pre Corda 4 nodes seamlessly upgrading to operate as if they’d been bootstrapped in this way. This also applies to the finance CorDapp module.

重要

If you’re upgrading a node from Corda 3 to Corda 4 and there is old data in the vault, this upgrade may take some time, depending on the number of unconsumed states in the vault.

Ability to pre-validate configuration files ¶

A new command has been added that lets you verify a config file is valid without starting up the rest of the node:

java -jar corda-4.0.jar validate-configuration

Flow control for notaries ¶

Notary clusters can now exert backpressure on clients, to stop them from being overloaded. Nodes will be ordered to back off if a notary is getting too busy, and app flows will pause to give time for the load spike to pass. This change is transparent to both developers and administrators.

Retirement of non-elliptic Diffie-Hellman for TLS ¶

The TLS_DHE_RSA_WITH_AES_128_GCM_SHA256 family of ciphers is retired from the list of allowed ciphers for TLS as it is a legacy cipher family not supported by all native SSL/TLS implementations. We anticipate that this will have no impact on any deployed configurations.

Miscellaneous changes ¶

To learn more about smaller changes, please read the Changelog.

Finally, we have added some new jokes. Thank you and good night!